Advanced grid frequency control with high penetration of renewable energy systems

Abstract

This study develops advanced frequency control strategies to enhance the stability of electrical with high pen-etration of renewable energy (RES), specifically photovoltaic (PV) solar plants and wind turbines. Due to their intermittent nature, these RES introduce significant challenges to grid stability. A novel frequency control strategy is introduced, characterized by simplicity, efficiency, and precision. Unlike conventional methods, it operates independently of auxiliary equipment such as batteries, reducing costs and complexity while ensuring reliable grid performance. Initially designed for PV-integrated grids, its effectiveness is validated using proportional-integral (PI) controllers. A deloading mechanism is combined with real inertia from decommissioned generators (SGs) to form hybrid inertia (HI), enhancing overall stability. To further improve performance, control techniques, including fuzzy logic and genetic , are incorporated. These AI-driven enhancements to PV variability, improving grid and facilitating RES penetration. The study then extends this strategy to wind energy integration, developing a robust control approach to maintain frequency stability under fluctuating wind conditions. A wind turbine (WT) deloading strategy is further refined through AI-based techniques and advanced control , a comprehensive frequency management solution adaptable to diverse renewable energy scenarios. Finally, the research investigates hybrid PV-wind systems and their decoupling strategies with . Robust control techniques are employed to ensure stability and reliability in these multi-source configurations.All proposed strategies undergo rigorous testing and validation in MATLAB under infinite bus and isolated network conditions, their robustness, , and practical feasibility for real-power grids .