Phytochemical and Immunological Foundations of Euphorbia tirucalli L. Against Human Papillomavirus Warts

Abstract

Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a succulent plant whose latex, rich in secondary metabolites (diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, phorbol esters), possesses caustic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Traditionally used against cutaneous warts induced by human papillomavirus (HPV), this plant is the subject of a synthetic review of its botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and toxicity. Warts, benign but frequent and recurrent epidermal lesions, are also described from epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic perspectives. The mechanisms of action of E. tirucalli latex against these lesions include a keratolytic effect, induction of apoptosis of infected keratinocytes, antiviral activity, and stimulation of local immunity. All available data confirm the therapeutic potential of this plant in the treatment of HPV-induced warts and justify further clinical and toxicological research.