Phytosanitary Assessment and Structural Analysis of Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) Stands in Djebel Anini, Algeria

Abstract

This study aims to compare the condition of Quercus ilex (Holm oak) maquis stands in the Djebel Anini region (Aïn Roua), in order to assess the impact of various environmental and anthropogenic factors on the health and development of this Mediterranean forest species. A dendrometry and physiological survey was conducted across 10 sampling plots (30 m × 30 m), randomly distributed in areas with marked ecological diversity (sun exposure, soil type) and varying levels of human disturbance (proximity to quarries, presence or absence of past silvicultural interventions). For each sampled tree, several indicators were measured: total height, diameter at breast height (DBH), presence or absence of buds, leaf volume and color, and crown condition, evaluated using a scale from 0 to 4. The results reveal significant differences between the stations, particularly related to exposure (north/south, sun/shade) and human pressures such as quarrying . Some trees show clear signs of environmental stress, including sparse crowns, poor fruiting, and leaf discoloration, suggesting progressive weakening. These findings highlight the urgent need for site-adapted forest management and pave the way for further research on the combined effects of climate change and human activities on the resilience of Quercus ilex forests in semi-arid environments.