Toxicité subaïgue induite par le traitement de l’extrait éthanolique de Drimia maritima sur les rates Albinos wister gestantes

Abstract

Drimia maritima (sea squill) is a Mediterranean species with significant phytochemical and pharmacological interest; however, it is also recognized as a highly toxic plant due to the presence of biologically active secondary metabolites with strong toxic potential. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile and evaluate the toxicity of its ethanolic extract in order to better understand the risks associated with its ingestion and its biological effects on organ and reproductive functions. The ethanolic extraction of the bulbs yielded 34.33% from fresh plant material. Preliminary phytochemical screening using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of cardiotonic glycosides, compounds known for their potent biological activity and high toxicity, although their chemical structures were not fully elucidated. In a subacute toxicity model in pregnant female rats, no mortality was observed following administration of 26 mg/kg (1/20 of the LD₅₀). However, clear signs of systemic toxicity were recorded. Several embryonic developmental abnormalities were observed, including petechiae, hematomas, intrauterine growth retardation, and postural anomalies, suggesting a potential teratogenic effect. At the hormonal level, a significant decrease in progesterone levels was recorded, indicating disruption of endocrine balance during gestation. An increase in the number of fetuses was also observed, without significant changes in fetal weight, suggesting a selective effect on embryonic survival rather than growth. At the organ level, results indicated organ-specific toxicity, characterized by a decrease in relative liver weight, suggesting potential hepatic injury. Biochemical analyses also showed a significant reduction in serum urea and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, reflecting metabolic and enzymatic disturbances. Hematological analysis revealed an increase in platelet count accompanied by a decrease in lymphocyte percentage and hematocrit, indicating a significant hematological imbalance. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Drimia maritima induces systemic toxicity with marked effects on organ functions, particularly affecting hepatic, hematological, and reproductive hormonal regulation.