Use of phytogenic feed additives for the Management of avian coccidiosis : a promising alternative strategy

Abstract

We investigated avian coccidiosis in Boumerdès Province (Algeria) and evaluated phytogenic alternatives to synthetic anticoccidials. From December 2017 to April 2018, 158 broiler farms were inspected; 72.8% were positive for Eimeria. Each farm received a biosecurity score (0–100) based on 75 indicators; none of the 22 farms scoring ≥ 70 were infected, whereas all positive farms scored below this threshold. Multivariate logistic regression confirmed biosecurity as the key determinant of infection: informal legal status, stocking density > 12 birds m², earth floors and degraded litter markedly increased risk, while using public-supply water had a strong protective effect. Seven Eimeria species were detected, with distinct micro-regional distribution patterns. In parallel, water mint (Mentha aquatica L.) was characterised as a source of antioxidants and as a potential anticoccidial agent. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysed two extracts (aqueous infusion, hydro-ethanolic macerate). The hydro-ethanolic extract contained higher levels of phenolics. Still, it was more cytotoxic, whereas the infusion showed better cell tolerance, greater protection of human erythrocytes and strong α-glucosidase inhibition, indicating promising nutraceutical properties. However, neither chemical richness nor antioxidant capacity predicted anticoccidial efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Among the plant extracts tested, the aqueous extract of Thymus algeriensis showed the best in vivo performance, with high survival, improved lesion scores, and reduced oocyst shedding. At the same time, rosemary provided intermediate protection, and mint remained ineffective. Overall, achieving a minimal biosecurity threshold and combining optimised husbandry with selected phytogenics emerge as complementary strategies to control coccidiosis and reduce reliance on synthetic drugs in poultry production