Pathogenèse, diagnostic et traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer : État de l’art et avancées récentes.

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, language, and cognitive functions. It is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. Aging is the main risk factor, although early-onset forms of genetic origin have also been identified. First described in 1906 by the neurologist Alois Alzheimer, the disease is biologically characterized by the extracellular accumulation of senile plaques composed of beta-amyloid and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles associated with the Tau protein. These alterations lead to progressive and irreversible neuronal degeneration. The pathophysiology of AD is based on complex mechanisms, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and synaptic alterations. Clinically, the manifestations are varied: memory loss, language impairments, recognition difficulties, as well as behavioral and emotional changes. Diagnosis is based on a thorough clinical evaluation, supplemented by standardized cognitive tests (MMSE, MoCA) and brain imaging techniques (MRI, PET). Additionally, the analysis of biomarkers in blood or cerebrospinal fluid enables earlier detection of the disease