Molar pregnancy: causes, diagnosis, and treatment methods

Abstract

This thesis explores the topic of molar pregnancy, a rare but serious form of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) caused by abnormal fertilization, leading to the atypical growth of placental tissue. Molar pregnancy is classified into two main types: complete mole and partial mole, both characterized by swelling of the chorionic villi and abnormally high levels of hCG hormone. The study provides a comprehensive overview of normal placental development and explains the genetic and biological mechanisms leading to molar pregnancy. It also discusses clinical signs such as vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement, and symptoms related to elevated hCG levels. Diagnostic methods like ultrasound imaging and hCG measurement are emphasized for early and accurate detection. Treatment options include surgical evacuation, chemotherapy in cases of malignant transformation, and close hormonal monitoring to prevent recurrence. The study also addresses the impact on future fertility and the risk of recurrence, supported by epidemiological data on its prevalence and risk factors. In addition, the psychological and emotional impact of molar pregnancy is examined, highlighting the importance of mental health support and patient education. Ultimately, this thesis stresses the need for early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and long-term follow-up to ensure full recovery and safeguard both the physical and emotional well-being of affected women