Adjuvant used in cancer diagnosis

Abstract

A section is dedicated This thesis explores in depth the methods of cancer diagnosis, emphasizing the crucial role of modern adjuncts. It begins with an overview of the foundations of cancer biology, including its definition, the differences between normal and cancerous cells, the distinctive characteristics of tumor cells, the classification of cancers, their causes, and their development. to various diagnostic methods, ranging from physical examinations to advanced imaging techniques such as microscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), as well as diagnostic tests and procedures for tumor biomarker testing. The document then focuses on molecular biomarkers, including DNA methylation, non-coding microRNAs, and protein biomarkers, as well as gene fusions in cancer diagnosis. A significant portion is devoted to contrast agents, detailing modern types (iodine-based, gadolinium, barium sulfate, microbubbles, and nanoparticles) and their clinical applications in radiography, fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, and ultrasound, while addressing safety aspects and adverse reactions. Finally, the thesis explores the emerging use of probiotic microorganisms in disease diagnosis, including cancer detection. This comprehensive study highlights the importance of adjuncts in improving the accuracy and effectiveness of cancer diagnosis, paving the way for innovative and less invasive diagnostic strategies..