Comparative assessment of the effects of Ramadan fasting on the anthropometric, biochemical and haematological parameters of athletes, sedentary individuals and sedentary smokers

Abstract

This research underscores the multifaceted impact of Ramadan fasting on physical and metabolic health across different lifestyles. It reveals that fasting induces significant physiological changes, particularly in athletes, suggesting the importance of tailored nutritional support. For sedentary individuals, the findings suggest that fasting effects are modulated by smoking habits, highlighting the need for specific guidelines for smokers. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of fasting health implications, offering a foundation for future research and practical guidance to optimise health outcomes during Ramadan.