Rôle des biofilms dans les infections nosocomiales : mécanisme, détection et stratégie de prévention

Abstract

Microbial biofilms play a central role in the development of hospital-acquired infections. These complex structures consist of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and secrete a protective extracellular matrix. They frequently colonize medical devices such as intravenous and urinary catheters, joint prostheses, and respiratory equipment. The presence of biofilms enhances the resistance of pathogenic organisms to antibiotics, making infection treatment more difficult and increasing the risk of recurrence.This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of biofilm formation and their role in healthcare-associated infections, in addition to reviewing the latest detection methods and preventive strategies applied in clinical settings.The research provides a comprehensive definition of biofilms and the infections associated with them, highlighting their involvement in chronic infections, particularly those linked to medical devices. The presence of these structures on biomedical surfaces hinders access to the embedded microorganisms, reducing the efficacy of treatment—especially given the high level of resistance acquired by microbes within this protective environment.The study also explores the relationship between biofilms and nosocomial infections, identifying the main bacterial species involved, the factors contributing to their spread, and the diagnostic and detection methods available. In this context, several techniques were reviewed, including traditional bacterial culture, electron microscopy for structural observation, antibiotic analysis, and staining.The significance of these methods lies in their ability to detect biofilms that may go unnoticed through conventional testing, thereby improving the chances of effective treatment and reducing complications from resistant infections.Finally, the study addresses prevention and control strategies, emphasizing measures such as effective hand hygiene, strict sanitation protocols, inhibition of initial bacterial adhesion, and disruption of microbial communication (quorum sensing). Alternatives to conventional antibiotics and innovative approaches to biofilm management are also discussed.