Immunotherapie antitumorale: Cas de cytokine IL-2 et IL-15

Abstract

The fight against malignant tumors remains a major challenge in modern oncology. Despite advances in conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, their effectiveness remains limited due to tumor resistance and significant side effects. In this context, new immunotherapies are emerging as a promising alternative, particularly those based on the use of cytokines, especially interleukins. These mediators play a fundamental role in regulating the anti-tumor immune response. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the therapeutic role of cytokines and interleukins in cancer treatment, focusing on their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and limitations. Data analysis shows that certain cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), can strongly stimulate NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thereby improving the elimination of tumor cells. However, adverse effects, including systemic inflammation, remain a major constraint to their widespread use. Recent clinical trials have shown encouraging response rates. Furthermore, advances in genetic engineering now allow better targeting of these molecules’ action, thus reducing their toxicity. In conclusion, cytokines and interleukins represent a real hope in the field of anticancer immunotherapy. However, their use still requires adjustments to optimize their effectiveness while limiting their side effects.